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Racial/Cultural/Ethnical Makup of The United States

When the Explorers, Navigators, Conquisitors, Fishermen, Slaves first ventured from the Old World of Europe, Africa and Asia into the New World of North America's present-day United States, there were many nations and tribes of American Indians occupying the territory. Today, the United States Government, recognizes 574-American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities in the U.S. The first Europeans to reach the mainland of North America (Vineland) in what is now Maryland or Virginia in the United States or lands around the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in Canada., was Viking explorer Leif Eriksson and his party, circa 11-century AD.

The first Hispanic to explore the United States was Spanish Conquistador/explorer Juan Ponce de León's expedition to Florida in 1513. The first Hispanic settlement in the United States was established at St. Augustine, Florida on September 8, 1565, by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. The first Asian immigration to the United States were Philippine sailors aboard a Spanish galleon who arrived at Morro Bay, California in 1587, and the first Asian settlement was established by Philippine sailors at St. Malo near New Orleans, Louisiana circa. 1763.

The first White European to visit present day United States was Sir Francis Drake, who on June 5, 1579, made landfall at South Cove, Cape Arago, Oregon, and on July 23, 1579, his ship anchored at the Farallon Islands, off the coast of San Francis, California. White European English Captain Christopher Newport of the Virginia Company of London established the colony of Jamestown, Virginia on May 4, 1607.

The first Africans to arrive in the United States were “20 and odd” enslaved African Angolans kidnapped by the Portuguese and sold to the colonists at Jamestown, Virginia on August 20, 1619. The first legally sanctioned free African settlement in the United States was Fort Mose, Florida, established when Spanish Governor Manuel de Montiano ordered its construction in 1738. The Fort was then led by an African escaped slave who had been baptized in the Catholic Church as Francisco Menéndez.

When Alaska became a state on January 3, 1959, the United States recognized the Alaska Natives, which includes the Aleuts, Inupiat, Yuit, Athabascans, Tlingit and Haida. When Hawaii became a state on August 21, 1959, the United States recognized the Native Polynesian Hawaiians (Kānaka Maoli).

Federally Recognized Indian Tribes

Cabazon Band of Cahuilla Indians of California

Pacific Islanders

Europeans

Spanish/Latino/Hispanics

Asians

Indian Americans on The Rise in United States Congress

Polynesian Americans (Wikipedia), are Pacific Islander Americans of Polynesian descent. Polynesian Americans consist of a large subcategory including: Native Hawaiians, Samoan Americans, Tongan Americans, French Polynesian Americans, Chamorro People, Marshall Island/Marshallese Americana, and Māori Americans. A Samoan American is a person of ethnic Samoan descent from either the independent nation of Samoa or American Samoa. And Samoan American is a subcategory of Polynesian American. About 55,000 people live on American Samoa, while the 2000 and 2008 U.S. censuses have found four times the number of Samoan Americans live in the mainland United States, with the most Samoan Americans in California. Persons born in American Samoa are U.S. nationals, but are not U.S. citizens. For this reason, Samoans can move to Hawaii or the mainland U.S. and obtain citizenship comparatively easily. Like Native Hawaiians, Samoans arrived in the mainland in the 20th century as agricultural laborers and factory workers. A Tongan American are people of ethnic Tongan descent. Utah has the largest Tongan American population, followed by Hawaii. Many of the first Tongan Americans came to the United States in connection to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which helps them obtain visas to study, employment and even provide opportunities to find a marriage partner when they are old enough. Utah is roughly one percent Tongan, a high rate compared to Tongans only making up less than a scant 0.02% of the U.S. population. Tongan communities are also more common on the West Coast, such as Los Angeles, and the Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan area of Washington. Oregon is also home to a Tongan community that started to emigrate in the 1970s. Chamorro people are the Indigenous people of the Mariana Islands, politically divided between the United States territory of Guam and the encompassing Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Micronesia, a commonwealth of the United States. Today, significant Chamorro populations exist in several U.S. states, including Hawaii, California, Washington, Texas, Tennessee, Oregon, and Nevada, all of which together are designated as Pacific Islander Americans according to the U.S. census. The 2000 census states that, about 64,590 people of Chamorro ancestry live in Guam and another 19,000 live in the Northern Marianas.(Polynesians).

Macedonian Americans (Wikipedia), are people of ethnic Macedonian heritage. According to the Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, almost all of Macedonians in the U.S. until World War II classified themselves as Macedonian Bulgarians or simply as Bulgarians. However, the Bulgarian national identification during the late Ottoman Empire, from where most of the emigrants arrived, was based on ethno-religious principles. The sense of belonging to a separate Macedonian nation gained credence after World War II, following the establishment of the People's Republic of Macedonia within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the codification of a distinct Macedonian language. The first Macedonian immigrants to the U.S., educated and encouraged to migrate to the U.S. for higher education or to attend missionary schools, arrived in the late 19th century from the Bansko region of what is today Bulgarian Macedonia. However the first huge number of Macedonians came to the U.S. in the early 20th-century from the border regions in the north of what is today Greek Macedonia, and the south-west of North Macedonia. These Macedonians had faced the greatest retributions from the Ottoman Empire military due to the fact that the 1903 Ilinden uprising had been centered in the areas. The Ilinden Uprising, was an organized revolt against the Ottoman Empire, which was prepared and carried out by the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization. In the 1920s, between WWI and WWI, many Macedonian-Americans became very suspicious that the main Macedonian organization at that time, the Macedonian Patriotic Organization, existed merely to advance Bulgaria's political interests, which had lost in WWI. Thus, some Macedonian-Americans began to form smaller clubs and societies whose members were limited to fellow villagers. The growth of a distinct Macedonian-American community began to occur in the late 1950s, after 70,000 Macedonians emigrated to Canada, Australia, the U.S., and other European countries, and when the first immigrants from Communist Yugoslavia arrived. Most of the American-born people of Macedonian-Bulgarian descent had little knowledge of Bulgaria and increasingly have identified during the second half of the 20th century simply as Macedonians. After Yugoslavia liberalized its emigration policies in 1960, another 40,000 Macedonians emigrated from 1960-77. Most have been economic migrants rather than political dissidents. At that time most of the Americans born of Macedonian Bulgarian descent had hardly any knowledge of Bulgaria and increasingly began to identify themselves simply as Macedonians. (Wikipedia). Adjusting to industrial jobs and a competitive economic setting was often difficult for Macedonian immigrants, who had come from relatively poor rural areas dominated by an authoritative political regime. Upon their arrival in the U.S., they often took hazardous jobs in mines, steel mills and foundries, and railroad construction. Since most immigrants were single men, from the same village or region in their homeland, they tended to stay together in America for social support. Coffee houses and boarding houses became important places where immigrants could socialize and share job prospects. Macedonian immigrants established fraternal, mutual aid, and cultural societies in America that offered assistance when members lost their jobs or became ill. The Orthodox Church also served as an important cohesive presence. But much about American life was exciting or even shocking to Macedonian immigrants, who had come from a very isolated and impoverished area. Electricity, telephones, and other modern inventions amazed them. (Every Culture).

Cuban Americans (Wikipedia), are people who have immigrated from or are descended from immigrants from Cuba. As of 2023, Cuban Americans were the fourth largest Hispanic and Latino American group in the United States. Many metropolitan areas throughout the United States have significant Cuban American populations. And, over 1.2 million Cuban Americans reside in Miami-Dade County, Florida, home to 52% of all Cuban immigrants in the U.S. Florida constitutes more than 2,900,600 Cubans, a majority of the population in many municipalities. Texas has the second highest Cuban American population, with up to 140,000 individuals identifying themselves as such. The states of Georgia, Kentucky, Nevada and Illinois also host a fast growing population of Cuban Americans. Before the Louisiana Purchase and the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, Spanish Florida and other possessions of Spain on the Gulf Coast west of the Mississippi River, were provinces of the Captaincy General of Cuba. Consequently, Cuban immigration to regions that would eventually form the United States have a long history, beginning in the Spanish colonial period in 1565 when the settlement of St. Augustine in Florida, was established by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, as hundreds of Spanish soldiers and their families moved from Cuba to St. Augustine to establish new lives. Thousands of Cuban settlers also immigrated to Louisiana and Texas, between 1778 and 1802, and during the period of Spanish Colonial rule. The exodus of hundreds of Cuban workers and businessmen in 1869 marked the beginning of one of the most significant periods of emigration from Cuba to the United States. The Cuban American population experienced another surge in growth between 2021–23, during which, Cuba experienced its largest migration wave in history, with over a million Cubans leaving the island, primarily due to economic hardships and political uncertainties, resulting in a significant decrease in Cuba's population. According to Center for Engagement and Advocacy in the America, Cuba's population dropped from 11,181,595 on December 31, 2021, to 10,055,968 in December 2023. A severe economic downturn and systematic quashing of dissent by the country’s authoritarian government likely pushed more than one million people, particularly younger Cubans, to flee, with most heading to the United States, Canada, and Mexico.” (Wikipedia).

Indian Americans (Wikipedia), sometimes named East Indians or Asian Indians to differentiate from Native American Indians, are people with ancestry from India who are citizens or permanent residents of the United States. Indian Americans are included in the U.S. Census grouping of South Asian Americans, which includes Bangladeshi Americans, Bhutanese Americans, Indo-Caribbean Americans, Maldivian Americans, Nepalese Americans, Pakistani Americans, and Sri Lankan Americans. With a population of more than 5.1 million, Indian Americans making up approximately 1.47% of the U.S. population, they are the second largest group of Asian Americans after Chinese Americans. Indian Americans have the highest median household income and the second highest per capita income among other Asian ethnic groups working in the United States. Beginning in the 17th-century, members of the East India Company would bring Indian servants to the British American colonies. There were also some Indian slaves in the United States during the American colonial era. In particular, court records from the 1700s, indicate a number of "East Indians" were held as slaves in Maryland and Delaware. Indian Seamen were recruited from Indian ports (India Currents), by European trading ships, and, upon reaching Europe, agents would enlist them as indentured workers for the New World. Or else they were taken as servants by East India Company officials who amassed their fortunes in India, and subsequently returned home to England and then to their newly established colony in America, where they took their servants with them as a sign of their wealth and status. "Upon the East Indians freedom, they are said to have blended into the free African American population, and considered "mulattoes". Emigration from India to the United States in the 1890s, was driven by difficulties facing Indian farmers, including the challenges posed by the colonial land tenure system for small landowners, and by drought and food shortages, which worsened during this period. Canadian steamship companies, acting on behalf of Pacific coast employers, recruited Sikh farmers with economic opportunities in British Columbia. And by 1900, there were more than 2,000 Indian Sikhs living in the United States, primarily in California. In the 1900s, Sikhs migrated to the U.S. Pacific Coast states to work in Washington, and later migrating to California. Throughout the 1910s, American nativist organizations campaigned to end immigration from India, culminating in the passage of the Asiatic Barred Zone Act in 1917. In some states, anti-miscegenation laws made it illegal for Indian men to marry white women. After World War II, U.S. policy re-opened the door to Indian immigration, as the Luce–Celler Act of 1946 permitted a quota of 100 Indians per year to immigrate to the U.S. It also allowed Indian immigrants to naturalize and become citizens of the U.S., effectively reversing the Supreme Court's 1923 ruling in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (Wikipedia). The 21st-century marked a significant migration trend from India to the United States, with the emergence of Information Technology industry in Indian cities. And since 2000, a large number of students have migrated to the U.S. to pursue higher education. A variety of estimates state that over 500,000 Indian American students attend higher-education institutions in any given year (Wikipedia). When California Congressman Ami Bera (D-CA) took office in 2013, he was the only Indian American serving in the 435 member U.S. House of Representatives. A mere decade later, that number has surged fivefold, as the Indian American community with five Indian Americans now serving in Congress, has achieved an unprecedented milestone, with its political rise across the highest levels of public service (Forbes).

Diasporas of Immigrants & Eventual Citizens In The United States

United States Policy to Enter Country As Refugee, Migrant, Immigrant, Asylee

United States Citizenship And Immigration Services (USCIS)

Koyukon Athabascans Natives of Alatna Village, Alaska

The official Tribal Name is Alatna Village, whose population consists largely of Kobuk Eskimos, and Athabascans, and who predominantly live in Allakaket, which is located nearby. Collectively, these two communities make up the population of the federally recognized tribe known as Alatna Village. The various bands established joint settlements after 1851. However, several Native groups have lived in the area, including Koyukon Athabascans and Kobuk, Selawik, and Nunamiut Eskimos from the north and northwest. The Koyukon lived in several camps throughout the year, moving as the seasons changed, following the wild game and fish. The old site of Alatna was a traditional trading center for Athabascans and Inuit. The first mission on the Koyukuk River, St. John's-in-the-Wilderness Episcopal Mission, was established in 1906. A post office was opened in 1925. In 1938, the community's name was changed to Allakaket (the old name for the mission), and the name Alatna was assumed by the small Eskimo community across the river. The first public school was established in 1957.Then in the Spring of 1964, a flood caused by ice jamming destroyed 85% of the community. And in 1975, the community incorporated as a city, including both settlements of Allakaket and Alatna. A clinic and airport were built in 1978. A school and community roads were built in 1979. However, in September 1994, flooding of the Yukon River destroyed nearly all of the community's buildings, homes, and the winter's food caches. Residents have rebuilt near the old city site, but Alatna is no longer within the incorporated city boundaries of Allakaket. Alatna Village, became a federally recognized Alaskan native village on May 27, 1981. The population of Alatna community consists of 97.1% Alaska Native or part Native, which consists largely of descendants of Kobuk Eskimos, and Athabascans who predominantly live in Allakaket. The village of Alatna is a federally recognized tribe. The governing body of Alatna Village is the Alatna Traditional Council, which consists of a First Chief, Second Chief, Secretary/Treasurer, and two other council members. The Alatna Traditional Council exercises the powers of the Tribes that are cited in the Alatna Constitution and is responsible for representing the Tribe in all activities, contracts, or agreements that may affect the Alatna Tribe. The Alatna Tribal Council, primarily focuses on providing services related to victim assistance, environmental protection, public health, and community development. Through federal grant awards, the council implements programs that address critical needs within the Alatna Village, reflecting tribal values and traditions while aligning with U.S. federal initiatives to improve the quality of life for tribal members (Wikipedia).& (Alatna Village)

Federally Recognized Alaskan Natives

To

Reservations & Villages of Native People in the United States

Cuban Americans Can Get Cuban Citizenship if Folks Are Non-Agitators

Federally Recognized Indian Tribes & Alaskan Natives

Macedonian Americans Celebrate Century of Immigration to U.S.

Pacific Islanders - Hispanics - Africans - Asians - Europeans - Immigrants

The Cabazon Band of Cahuilla Indians, a federally recognized tribe of Cahuilla Indians, and is located in Riverside County, California, with its reservation in Coachella, near Indio and Palm Springs. The Cahuilla, are a Native American people of the various tribes in the Cahuilla Nation, living in the inland areas of southern California. The original, traditional Cahuilla territory encompassed about 2,400 square miles. near the geographic center of Southern California. It was bounded to the north by the San Bernardino Mountains, to the south by Borrego Springs and the Chocolate Mountains, to the east by the Colorado Desert, and to the west by the San Jacinto Plain and the eastern slopes of the Palomar Mountains. The Cahuilla call themselves táxliswet, meaning "person". Cahuilla is an exonym applied to the group after Spanish mission secularization in the Ranchos of California. Oral legends suggest that when the Cahuilla first moved into the Coachella Valley, a large body of water that geographers call Lake Cahuilla existed, fed by the Colorado River. The Cahuilla first learned of Europeans was in 1774, when Juan Bautista de Anza came looking for a trade route between Sonora and Monterey in Alta California. Living far inland, the Cahuilla had little contact with Spanish soldiers, priests, or missionaries. But the Cahuilla only learned of Spanish missions and their culture from Indians living close to missions in San Gabriel and San Diego. The Cahuilla did not encounter Anglo-Americans until the 1842, when Chief Juan Antonio, leader of the Cahuilla Mountain Band, gave traveler Daniel Sexton access to areas near the San Gorgonio Pass. The Mountain Band also lent support to a U.S. Army expedition led by Lieutenant Edward Fitzgerald Beale. During the 1850s, the Cahuilla came under increasing pressure from waves of European-American migrants because of the California Gold Rush. In addition to the influx of Anglo-American miners, ranchers and outlaws, and groups of Mormon colonists, the Cahuilla came into conflict with the neighboring Cupeño tribe to the west. In November 1851, the Garra Revolt occurred, where the Cupeno leader Antonio Garra attempted to bring Chief Juan Antonio into his revolt, but Chief Antonio, friendly to the Americans, was instrumental in capturing Garra, ending the revolt. In 1852, the California Senate refused to ratify a treaty granting the Cahuilla control of their land. And in 1877, to encourage building the First Continental Railroad, the U.S. government subdivided the lands into one-mile-square sections, giving the Indians every other section. In 1877 the government established reservation boundaries, which left the Cahuilla with only a small portion of their traditional territories. The Cabazon Indian Reservation was founded in 1876, occupying 1,706 acres (Wikipedia).

Africans

Zambian Americans of ZaCoME: Mulenga Mutapa & Pres. Anniya Lawrence

Zambian Americans are a vibrant and growing community in the United States, with a strong presence in areas like Washington D.C. The Zambian diaspora in the United States is a relatively new and growing community, with many Zambians immigrating for educational, professional, and family reasons. Zambian students are also drawn to the U.S. for higher education, with many successfully gaining acceptance into United States universities. The U.S. government supports Zambian young leaders through the Mandela Washington Fellowship, providing leadership development opportunities. Zambian students in the U.S. bring a wealth of knowledge and experience to the classroom, introducing their American classmates to new perspectives. Some Zambians in the United States face challenges in obtaining approval of their educational credentials, but they often arrive with a strong command of English. For professionals from Zambia, who aspire to take on greater challenges, aim to achieve a higher level of excellence, and wish to expand their career horizons by considering a move to the United States, states How to Move to the U.S.A as a Zambian Professional, there are a number of different Visa options available: The H-1B Visa program; The O-1 Nonimmigrant Visa; and The EB-1 visa. Zambian Americans are known for their contributions to various fields, including business, education, healthcare, the arts, and to their close-knit community, while also facing challenges like visa violations and economic disparities. The Zambian Community often organizes cultural events, festivals, and gatherings to celebrate their heritage and foster a sense of belonging. However, like other immigrant communities, Zambian Americans face challenges such as adapting to a new culture, navigating the legal system, and overcoming language barriers. But, Zambian Americans also have opportunities to thrive and contribute to the American Dream. The Atlanta Metropolis area, states Association of Zambians In Atlanta currently has the largest population of Zambians anywhere in the world outside of Zambia. And although moving to the United States to pursue the American Dream is what inspired the move for most Zambians, it is of top priority to maintain their connection to the Zambian community and culture in Atlanta, Zambia, and around the world. The U.S. Army Southern Task Force, Africa, and the Zambia Army held the opening ceremony for the African Land Forces Summit 2024 in Livingstone, Zambia, on April 22, 2024. The 12th summit brings together land force chiefs from nearly 40 African countries, other partner nations, academic thought leaders and government officials for candid dialogue about shared challenges. This year’s theme is “Regional Solutions to Transnational Problems.” (U.S. Army Military).

Photo: Linda Thomas-Greenfield - Former U.S. Ambassador To United Nations

Quote: Linda Thomas-Greenfield - Former U.S. Ambassador To United Nations

Oji African American Diaspora Blog

Polynesian American Dream Found in Family & Polynesian Upbringing

Immigrants & Immigration

Trump Administration Pauses Processing Green Card Applications

The Department of Homeland Security has suspended processing some applications for green cards to comply with an executive order signed by President Donald Trump, placing thousands of refugees and asylum-seekers in limbo. The order, issued in January 2025, called for federal agencies to "vet and screen to the maximum degree possible, all aliens who intend to be admitted, enter, or are already inside the United States, particularly those aliens coming from regions or nations with identified security risks." The pause on green card applications for refugee and asylum seekers already in the country, first reported by CBS News, is being carried out by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. A Homeland Security spokesperson confirmed that the agency is “placing a temporary pause on finalizing certain adjustment of status applications pending the completion of additional screening and vetting.” However, the spokesperson did not address which applications were affected, whether the pause would affect spending at the agency, how long it would last or other questions from NBC News. Refugees and asylum seekers already face a rigorous vetting process. Refugees aren’t even allowed into the U.S. until they have completed a series of interviews, security screenings and medical exams, a process that often takes years to complete. Asylum Seekers, must be physically present in the U.S. and prove they have suffered persecution, or fear that they will, for reasons related to their race, religion, nationality or political opinions. These individuals undergo extensive background and security checks and must sit down with officials for an interview. After an individual is granted asylum or admitted as a refugee, they must wait one year before applying for a green card. The average wait time for those applications is typically 8-months for a refugee and almost 10-months for an asylum-seeker. This announcement by Homeland Security follows and earlier announcement from Citizenship and Immigration Services, that it wants to collect data from social media profiles of individuals applying for citizenship. While those applying for visas already have to share their social media handles with the government, the new proposal would force those applying for asylum, permanent residency or naturalization, people who are already legally in the country, to identify their accounts to USCIS. The agency said that vetting of social media accounts is necessary for “the enhanced identity verification, vetting and national security screening.” As Citizen and Immigration Service cracks down on some green card applications, the Trump administration is still preparing to launch its so-called gold card program, which would offer citizenship to wealthy individuals in exchange for a direct $5-million payment to the U.S. government. According to Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick, Elon Musk is currently building the software for an app to handle “gold card” applications, which he expects to launch in two weeks (MSNBC). President Trump told reporters in the Oval Office: “Wealthy people will be coming into our country by buying this card.” “They’ll be wealthy and they’ll be successful.” However, Forbes interviewed 18 billionaires from across the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa to assess their level of interest. Thirteen of the eighteen billionaires polled, said they would not be interested in purchasing a gold card visa, while three were on the fence. Forbes found two billionaires who said they’d seriously consider buying one (The Economic Times).

"The Challenges the (World) Faces: a Global Pandemic, Global Economy, Global Climate Change Crisis, Mass Migration, Extreme Poverty, Social Justice, are Unrelenting and Interconnected, but They are not Unsolvable if America is Leading The Way”